Last data update: May 06, 2024. (Total: 46732 publications since 2009)
Records 1-7 (of 7 Records) |
Query Trace: Chang KT[original query] |
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Condom use among women of reproductive age (18-49 years) in Puerto Rico during the 2016 Zika virus outbreak: secondary analysis of data from a cross-sectional, population-based, cell-phone survey
Chang KT , Snead MC , SerranoRodriguez RA , Bish C , Shapiro-Mendoza CK , Ellington SR . BMJ Open 2022 12 (7) e065592 OBJECTIVES: Zika virus (ZIKV) can be sexually transmitted, and ZIKV infection during pregnancy can cause birth defects. Contraception is a medical countermeasure to reduce unintended pregnancy and ZIKV-associated birth defects. We estimated the prevalence of condom use and associated factors among women at risk for unintended pregnancy in Puerto Rico during the 2016 ZIKV outbreak. DESIGN: Secondary analysis of a cross-sectional, population-based, cell-phone survey. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Women, 18-49 years, living in Puerto Rico during July-November 2016. We limited our analytical sample (n=1840) to women at risk for unintended pregnancy, defined as those who were sexually active with a man in the last 3 months and did not report menopause, hysterectomy, current pregnancy or desiring pregnancy. OUTCOME MEASURES: We estimated the weighted prevalence of any condom use among women at risk for unintended pregnancy. We calculated crude and adjusted prevalence ratios (aPRs) to examine the association between condom use and ZIKV-related factors, stratified by use of more effective versus less effective or no contraception. RESULTS: Overall, 32.7% (95% CI: 30.2% to 35.1%) of women reported any condom use in the last 3 months. Among women using more effective contraception, condom use was higher for women who received ZIKV counselling (aPR: 1.61, 95% CI: 1.15 to 2.25) and those worried about having a child with a ZIKV-associated birth defect (aPR: 1.47, 95% CI: 1.03 to 2.10). Among women using less effective or no contraception, condom use was associated with being worried (aPR: 1.20, 95% CI: 1.01 to 1.43) compared with those not worried about ZIKV infection or with a previous known infection. CONCLUSIONS: During the 2016 ZIKV outbreak, one in three women at risk for unintended pregnancy reported any condom use. Counselling to promote consistent and correct condom use may address concerns regarding ZIKV among women of reproductive age, which may differ by use of effective contraception. |
Validation of MINORMIX Approach for Estimation of Low Birthweight Prevalence Using a Rural Nepal dataset
Chang KT , Carter ED , Mullany LC , Khatry SK , Cousens S , An X , Krasevec J , LeClerq SC , Munos MK , Katz J . J Nutr 2021 152 (3) 872-879 BACKGROUND: The Global Nutrition Target of reducing low birthweight (LBW) by at least 30% between 2012 and 2025 has led to renewed interest in producing accurate, population-based, national low birthweight (LBW) estimates. Low- and middle-income countries rely on household surveys for birthweight data. These data are frequently incomplete and exhibit strong "heaping". Standard survey adjustment methods produce estimates with residual bias. The global database used to report against the LBW Global Nutrition Target adjusts survey data using a new MINORMIX approach: 1) multiple imputation to address missing birthweights, followed by 2) use of a two-component normal mixture model to account for heaping of birthweights. OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the performance of the MINORMIX birthweight adjustment approach and alternative methods against gold-standard measured birthweights in rural Nepal. DESIGN: As part of a community-randomized trial in rural Nepal, we measured "gold-standard" birthweights at birth and returned 1-24 months later to collect maternally reported birthweights using standard survey methods. We compared estimates of LBW from maternally reported data derived using: 1) the new MINORMAX approach; 2) the previously used Blanc-Wardlaw adjustment; 3) no adjustment for missingness or heaping against our gold-standard. We also assessed the independent contribution of multiple imputation and curve fitting to LBW adjustment. RESULTS: Our gold-standard found 27.7% of newborns were LBW. The unadjusted LBW estimate based on maternal report with simulated missing birthweights was 14.5% (95%CI: 11.6-18.0%). Application of the Blanc-Wardlaw adjustment increased the LBW estimate to 20.6%. The MINORMIX approach produced an estimate of 26.4% (95%CI: 23.5-29.3%) LBW, closest to and with bounds encompassing the measured point estimate. CONCLUSIONS: In a rural Nepal validation dataset, the MINORMIX method generated a more accurate LBW estimate than the previously applied adjustment method. This supports the use of the MINORMIX method to produce estimates for tracking the LBW Global Nutrition Target. Clinical Trial Registry: NCT01177111 at https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01177111. |
Preliminary Findings of mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine Safety in Pregnant Persons.
Shimabukuro TT , Kim SY , Myers TR , Moro PL , Oduyebo T , Panagiotakopoulos L , Marquez PL , Olson CK , Liu R , Chang KT , Ellington SR , Burkel VK , Smoots AN , Green CJ , Licata C , Zhang BC , Alimchandani M , Mba-Jonas A , Martin SW , Gee JM , Meaney-Delman DM . N Engl J Med 2021 384 (24) 2273-2282 BACKGROUND: Many pregnant persons in the United States are receiving messenger RNA (mRNA) coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) vaccines, but data are limited on their safety in pregnancy. METHODS: From December 14, 2020, to February 28, 2021, we used data from the "v-safe after vaccination health checker" surveillance system, the v-safe pregnancy registry, and the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) to characterize the initial safety of mRNA Covid-19 vaccines in pregnant persons. RESULTS: A total of 35,691 v-safe participants 16 to 54 years of age identified as pregnant. Injection-site pain was reported more frequently among pregnant persons than among nonpregnant women, whereas headache, myalgia, chills, and fever were reported less frequently. Among 3958 participants enrolled in the v-safe pregnancy registry, 827 had a completed pregnancy, of which 115 (13.9%) resulted in a pregnancy loss and 712 (86.1%) resulted in a live birth (mostly among participants with vaccination in the third trimester). Adverse neonatal outcomes included preterm birth (in 9.4%) and small size for gestational age (in 3.2%); no neonatal deaths were reported. Although not directly comparable, calculated proportions of adverse pregnancy and neonatal outcomes in persons vaccinated against Covid-19 who had a completed pregnancy were similar to incidences reported in studies involving pregnant women that were conducted before the Covid-19 pandemic. Among 221 pregnancy-related adverse events reported to the VAERS, the most frequently reported event was spontaneous abortion (46 cases). CONCLUSIONS: Preliminary findings did not show obvious safety signals among pregnant persons who received mRNA Covid-19 vaccines. However, more longitudinal follow-up, including follow-up of large numbers of women vaccinated earlier in pregnancy, is necessary to inform maternal, pregnancy, and infant outcomes. |
SARS-CoV-2 Transmission Dynamics in a Sleep-Away Camp.
Szablewski CM , Chang KT , McDaniel CJ , Chu VT , Yousaf AR , Schwartz NG , Brown M , Winglee K , Paul P , Cui Z , Slayton RB , Tong S , Li Y , Uehara A , Zhang J , Sharkey SM , Kirking HL , Tate JE , Dirlikov E , Fry AM , Hall AJ , Rose DA , Villanueva J , Drenzek C , Stewart RJ , Lanzieri TM . Pediatrics 2021 147 (4) OBJECTIVES: In late June 2020, a large outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) occurred at a sleep-away youth camp in Georgia, affecting primarily persons </=21 years. We conducted a retrospective cohort study among campers and staff (attendees) to determine the extent of the outbreak and assess factors contributing to transmission. METHODS: Attendees were interviewed to ascertain demographic characteristics, known exposures to COVID-19 and community exposures, and mitigation measures before, during, and after attending camp. COVID-19 case status was determined for all camp attendees on the basis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) test results and reported symptoms. We calculated attack rates and instantaneous reproduction numbers and sequenced SARS-CoV-2 viral genomes from the outbreak. RESULTS: Among 627 attendees, the median age was 15 years (interquartile range: 12-16 years); 56% (351 of 627) of attendees were female. The attack rate was 56% (351 of 627) among all attendees. On the basis of date of illness onset or first positive test result on a specimen collected, 12 case patients were infected before arriving at camp and 339 case patients were camp associated. Among 288 case patients with available symptom information, 45 (16%) were asymptomatic. Despite cohorting, 50% of attendees reported direct contact with people outside their cabin cohort. On the first day of camp session, the instantaneous reproduction number was 10. Viral genomic diversity was low. CONCLUSIONS: Few introductions of SARS-CoV-2 into a youth congregate setting resulted in a large outbreak. Testing strategies should be combined with prearrival quarantine, routine symptom monitoring with appropriate isolation and quarantine, cohorting, social distancing, mask wearing, and enhanced disinfection and hand hygiene. Promotion of mitigation measures among younger populations is needed. |
Reliability of maternal recall of delivery and immediate newborn care indicators in Sarlahi, Nepal
Carter ED , Chang KT , Mullany LC , Khatry SK , LeClerq SC , Munos MK , Katz J . BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2021 21 (1) 82 BACKGROUND: The intrapartum period is a time of high mortality risk for newborns and mothers. Numerous interventions exist to minimize risk during this period. Data on intervention coverage are needed for health system improvement. Maternal report of intrapartum interventions through surveys is the primary source of coverage data, but they may be invalid or unreliable. METHODS: We assessed the reliability of maternal report of delivery and immediate newborn care for a sample of home and health facility births in Sarlahi, Nepal. Mothers were visited as soon as possible following delivery (< 72 h) and asked to report circumstances of labor and delivery. A subset was revisited 1-24 months after delivery and asked to recall interventions received using standard household survey questions. We assessed the reliability of each indicator by comparing what mothers reported immediately after delivery against what they reported at the follow-up survey. We assessed potential variation in reliability of maternal report by characteristics of the mother, birth event, or intervention prevalence. RESULTS: One thousand five hundred two mother/child pairs were included in the reliability study, with approximately half of births occurring at home. A higher proportion of women who delivered in facilities reported "don't know" when asked to recall specific interventions both initially and at follow-up. Most indicators had high observed percent agreement, but kappa values were below 0.4, indicating agreement was primarily due to chance. Only "received any injection during delivery" demonstrated high reliability among all births (kappa: 0.737). The reliability of maternal report was typically lower among women who delivered at a facility. There was no difference in reliability based on time since birth of the follow-up interview. We observed over-reporting of interventions at follow-up that were more common in the population and under-reporting of less common interventions. CONCLUSIONS: This study reinforces previous findings that mothers are unable to report reliably on many interventions within the peripartum period. Household surveys which rely on maternal report, therefore, may not be an appropriate method for collecting data on coverage of many interventions during the peripartum period. This is particularly true among facility births, where many interventions may occur without the mother's full knowledge. |
Adolescent with COVID-19 as the Source of an Outbreak at a 3-Week Family Gathering - Four States, June-July 2020.
Schwartz NG , Moorman AC , Makaretz A , Chang KT , Chu VT , Szablewski CM , Yousaf AR , Brown MM , Clyne A , DellaGrotta A , Drobeniuc J , Korpics J , Muir A , Drenzek C , Bandy U , Kirking HL , Tate JE , Hall AJ , Lanzieri TM , Stewart RJ . MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2020 69 (40) 1457-1459 There is increasing evidence that children and adolescents can efficiently transmit SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) (1-3). During July-August 2020, four state health departments and CDC investigated a COVID-19 outbreak that occurred during a 3-week family gathering of five households in which an adolescent aged 13 years was the index and suspected primary patient; 11 subsequent cases occurred. |
SARS-CoV-2 Transmission and Infection Among Attendees of an Overnight Camp - Georgia, June 2020.
Szablewski CM , Chang KT , Brown MM , Chu VT , Yousaf AR , Anyalechi N , Aryee PA , Kirking HL , Lumsden M , Mayweather E , McDaniel CJ , Montierth R , Mohammed A , Schwartz NG , Shah JA , Tate JE , Dirlikov E , Drenzek C , Lanzieri TM , Stewart RJ . MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2020 69 (31) 1023-1025 Limited data are available about transmission of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), among youths. During June 17-20, an overnight camp in Georgia (camp A) held orientation for 138 trainees and 120 staff members; staff members remained for the first camp session, scheduled during June 21-27, and were joined by 363 campers and three senior staff members on June 21. Camp A adhered to the measures in Georgia's Executive Order* that allowed overnight camps to operate beginning on May 31, including requiring all trainees, staff members, and campers to provide documentation of a negative viral SARS-CoV-2 test ≤12 days before arriving. Camp A adopted most(†) components of CDC's Suggestions for Youth and Summer Camps(§) to minimize the risk for SARS-CoV-2 introduction and transmission. Measures not implemented were cloth masks for campers and opening windows and doors for increased ventilation in buildings. Cloth masks were required for staff members. Camp attendees were cohorted by cabin and engaged in a variety of indoor and outdoor activities, including daily vigorous singing and cheering. On June 23, a teenage staff member left camp A after developing chills the previous evening. The staff member was tested and reported a positive test result for SARS-CoV-2 the following day (June 24). Camp A officials began sending campers home on June 24 and closed the camp on June 27. On June 25, the Georgia Department of Public Health (DPH) was notified and initiated an investigation. DPH recommended that all attendees be tested and self-quarantine, and isolate if they had a positive test result. |
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